Saint Augustine Essay -- Biography Biographies Augustine Essays

Saint Augustine Saint Augustine (354-430 AD), also known as Augustine of Hippo created an image of himself through his writings and teachings. He was born in Tagaste, a town in North Africa, on November 13, 354 AD. He was born into a middle class family. Patricius, his father, was a pagan, but later converted to Christianity because of his wife, Monica, was a devout Christian. Augustine’s mother, who was devoted to the Roman Catholic church, constantly tried for her son's conversion. Augustine was educated as a lecturer in the former North African cities of Tagaste, Madaura, and Carthage. The philosophical works of Marcus Tullius Cicero, a Roman speaker and politician, inspired Augustine to become a seeker after truth. Augustine engaged restlessly in philosophical studies, and passed from one phase of thought to another, unable to find satisfaction. From 373 until 382, in Carthage, he conformed to Manichaeism, a dualistic philosophy dealing with the conflict between good and evil. This seemed to be the answer to the confusion in his own heart. It solved the mysteries that confused him in his own experience. After realizing that this philosophy wouldn’t make a great ethical system, he abandoned this philosophy. After being educated throughout North Africa, he left Carthage and in 384 found himself in Milan where he would pursue his career of a professor in rhetoric. Also, in Milan he met and was influenced by the bishop, Ambrose. With this, Augustine was at tracted again to Christianity and was baptized by Ambrose in 387. Augustine was also influenced by Platonism. He than returned to North Africa where he became the bishop of Hippo in 391, a title he held until he died. This great â€Å"Father of the Church,† wrote a handbook on the three theological virtues: faith, hope, and love. The Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love was written in the year 420. It is a brief handbook on the proper mode of serving God, through faith, hope, and love. It is easy to say what one ought to believe, what to hope for, and what to love. But to defend our doctrines against the slander of those who think differently is a more difficult and detailed task. If one is to have this wisdom, it is not enough just to put an enchiridion in the hand. It is also necessary that a great eagerness be in the heart. Saint Augustine says that God created all things good. In Chapter XI, ... ...t evil is but the absence of good. I feel that God did make everything good, and it is the absence of good that causes evil. People choose the road they feel like taking throughout life. I think of it this way; God started us off on this world all consisting of good and it is we who choose to become evil. This follows through with Augustine’s next idea, which I also agree with, in that there can be no evil where there is no good. This holds true because everybody consists of good, and evil is the absence of good, so that just concludes that in order for evil there must be good. Augustine also says that good and evil can exist at the same time, but evil cannot exist without good, however, good can exist without evil. I feel that one can embody good and evil, there are many humans like that now. It’s true that evil cannot exist without good because we are only evil when we aren’t good, but one can be good without being evil. I hope I have made it clear that there are some points that I agree with and there are some ideas of Augustine that I don’t agree with. As for the way to serve God, I believe that as long as you live your life to the best of your ability, you will succeed.

In “A Rose for Emily,” William Faulkner

In â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† William Faulkner explores what encourages and what happens due to insanity. Emily Grierson’s life is narrated through, we can assume, a member of the community to which she belonged— â€Å"belongedâ€Å" is used   because she is already deceased at the beginning of the short story. Faulkner avoids telling the story chronologically and instead tells us about Emily’s past in a way similar to the way the human mind works—a series of memories all jumbled up.Emily, we find out, lived a life under an overly controlling father—she practically had no social life to speak of. Her father was basically the only person in her life so it is not surprising—although shocking—that she clings to him even after he dies. Upon his death, she goes out in the town and defies the set rules of society by seeing a man under her status. Fraternizing with this man, Homer Barron, may have had a positive impact on her life; h owever, Homer is â€Å"not a marrying man† (29), which turns out to be absolutely devastating for Emily. Emily, we can conclude from her father’s death, does not deal well with strife.The heartbreak is too much for her and causes her madness to lash out. Emily’s yearning for someone to love combined with her insanity leads her to commit deeds that a sane person would never do such as killing a man, leaving the decaying body in her house, lying next to the corpse, and perhaps even committing acts of necrophilia. Looking at Emily’s story, it is quite frightening to think of the extent of damage that madness can compel people to inflict. It is very probable that Emily did not realize how horrific her actions were.  Truth to tell William Faulkner’s â€Å" A Rose for Emily† is an incredibly fascinating story about a woman who practiced necrophilia. The story is about a woman who poison's her boyfriend and keeps his body in a bed in her upstairs room for decades. No one ever exits or enters her old house except for her negro manservant.And what is necrophilia, exactly and how do we prove by using the text of   â€Å" A Rose for Emily†Ã‚   that indeed, Emily Grierson was a necrophiliac? Necrophilia for Mirriam-Webster would mean, â€Å"obsession with an usually erotic interest   in corpses or erotic interest in the stimulation by corpses†.   Medical dictionaries would define â€Å"necrophilism† to be , â€Å"1. A morbid fondness for being in the presence of dead bodies,   and   2. The impulse to have sexual contact, or the act of such contact, with a dead body, usually of males with female corpses.†Necrophilia can best be described as sexual arousal stimulated by a dead body. The stimulation can be either in the form of fantasies or actual physical sexual contact with the corpse.   Legends with necrophilic themes are common throughout history and the concept of sexual interference wit h the dead has been known and abhorred since the ancient Egyptians, as noted by Herodotus:â€Å"When the wife of a distinguished man dies, or any woman who happens to be beautiful or well known, her body is not given to the embalmers immediately, but only after the lapse of three or four days. This is a precautionary measure to prevent the embalmers from violating her corpse, a thing which is actually said to have happened in the case of a woman who had just died.†The symptoms of necrophilia are as follows: necrophilia are the presence, over a period of at least six months, of recurrent and intense urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving corpses which are either acted upon or have been markedly distressing. And the manifestations are said to be characterized by the following data. There is a broad spectrum of necrophilic behaviors, ranging from fantasies alone to murder for the sake   of procuring a dead body.   Faulkner’s Emily did commit murder in order t o have   a dead man’s body to sleep beside with, â€Å" I want arsenic,† (28) Emily tells the druggist in Faulkner’s story. That she is about to commit murder is only implied, and the truth is seen towards the end of the narrative.Experts have subcategorized the paraphilia according to where it falls on that spectrum. â€Å"Necrophilic fantasies† of corpses, never acted upon, still fall within the scope of necrophilia and some authors have categorized this as a â€Å"neurotic equivalent† to necrophilia. â€Å" Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair.† (31) In this quote, the readers can deduce that, at the very least, Emily had lain beside the dead body of Homer Barron.â€Å"Pseudonecrophilia† describes isolated incidents where the sexual contact with the corpse may happen without pre-existing fantasies or desire to have sexual contact with the body. Even in its truest form, necrophilia can be quite varied, ranging from simply being in the presence of a corpse to kissing, fondling or performing sexual intercourse or cunnilingus on the body. The presence of other paraphilias or personality disorders, however, can manifest in more grotesque or sadistic elements such as mutilation of the corpse, drinking the blood or urine, or homicide (â€Å"necrophilic homicide† or â€Å"necrosadism†).The latter is the most disturbing end of the spectrum. Although assumed rare, many have argued that necrophilia may be more prevalent than statistics imply, given that the act would be carried out in secret with a victim unable to complain and given the length of time which the paraphilia has been recognized.   Ã‚  But if Emily had used arsenic to poison and murder Homer, then she could not have been capable of performing an act of necrophilic homicide, for, how many times can you poison an already deceased and poisoned man?Although the act of murder itself may generate the subsequent sexual frenzy, research has determined an alarming rate of homicide in order to obtain a body for subsequent sexual violation. Rosman and Resnick   int their study, â€Å"Necrophilia: An analysis of 122 cases involving necrophilic acts and fantasies† found that 42% of their study sample of necrophiles had murdered in order to obtain a body.Researchers have determined, however, that sadism itself is not usually an intrinsic characteristic of true necrophilia. (74) In all cases, there is undoubtedly sexual preference for a corpse rather than a living woman.   And this is what makes William Faulkner’s Emily, unique. In the plot is a reversal of the symptoms manifest   that is â€Å"usual† in the cases of necrophilia. Emily, is a woman, who preferred the company and sexual â€Å"comfort† of a dea d man.When no other act of cruelty – cutting into pieces etc., – is practiced on the corpse, it is probable that the lifeless condition itself, forms the stimulus for the perverse individual. Homer Barron, as implied in the story, was maybe going to flee Emily, hence she resorted to murder by poison, â€Å"   When she had first begun to be seen with Homer Barron, we had said, â€Å" She will marry him.†Ã‚   Then we said, â€Å" She will persuade him yet,†Ã‚  Ã‚   because Homer   himself had remarked- he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elks Club- that he was not a marrying man. (29)Kraft-Ebing   states in his, â€Å"Psychopathia sexualis†   It is possible that the corpse – a human form absolutely without will – satisfies an abnormal desire, in that the object of desire is seen to be capable of absolute subjugation, without possibility of resistance (89).What happened after the incident of the poisoning can only be guessed at, but in this telling of the life of Emily Grierson there is proof, that Emily as able to â€Å"persuade† –â€Å" her† Homer Barron, only that he was not someone hard to persuade, he was already dead, after all, â€Å" The violence of breaking down the door seemed to fill this room with pervading dust.A thin, acrid pall as of the tomb seemed to lie everywhere upon this room decked and furnished as for a bridal: upon the valance curtains of faded rose color, upon the rose-shaded lights, upon the dressing table, upon the delicate array of crystal and the man’s toilet things backed with tarnished silver, silver so tarnished that the monogram was obscured. Among them lay a tie, as if they had just been removed, which, lifted, left upon the surface a pale crescent in the dust.† (30)Most individuals have been reported to be heterosexual. This was not a sick and twisted scenario meant to be feasted on by literary critic s who work with queer gender theory, Emily was not gay, Homer could have been, but, â€Å" Upon a chair hung the suit, carefully folded; beneath it the two mute shoes and the discarded socks. The man himself lay in bed. (30)†Ã‚   –yes, Homer was a man, he was Emily’s man.As with the other paraphilias, necrophilia often occurs in conjunction with other paraphilias. Again, readers can only make intelligent inferences as to how, just exactly, did the things of Homer( made of silver ) get to become so tarnished, if by air corrosion alone? Could it be that at some point or the other, Emily infused them with fluids from her body, through acts that are too â€Å" horrifying† to speak of in this paper, but you get the picture.The individual should be assessed for associated psychopathology and treated accordingly. Treatment for necrophilia would be similar to that prescribed for most paraphilias: cognitive therapy, use of sex-drive reducing medications, assistanc e with improving social and sexual relations, etc. Sadly, Emily could not have been treated, she had chosen to isolation after her crime, â€Å" Now and then, we would see her at a window for a moment, as the men did that night when they sprinkled lime , but for almost six months, she did not appear on the streets. (29) For that time on her front door remained closed, save for a period of six and seven years, when she was about forty, during which she gave lessons in china painting (29).In conclusions then, there really is enough evidence in the text that Emily Grierson [ of William Faulkner ] had managed to make herself the necrophilic lover of Mr. Homer Barron.  And so , the world can only offer, â€Å" a rose† for Emily, for she can no longer answer for her gruesome acts, not that she ever could.WORKS CITED:Cole, Isaac, ed. â€Å" The Life and   Works of Herodotus.†Ã‚  Ã‚   New Land Press: London, 1990.Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† Literatu re: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama Interactive Edition. Eds. Kennedy, X.J and Gioia Dana. United States: Pearson Longman. 2005. 29 – 36.Krafft-Ebing, R. von. â€Å" Psychopathia sexualis.†New York: Stein & Day, 1986, (Original work published in 1886)Rosman, J. & Resnick, P. â€Å"Necrophilia: An analysis of 122 cases involving necrophilic acts and fantasies†. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law,1989.

The social determinants of health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3155 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, referred to as Indigenous Australians, experience significantly poorer health outcomes than non-Indigenous Australians. This is particularly true for Indigenous women. The difference in life expectancy between Indigenous and non-Indigenous women is some 9.5 years, and Indigenous mothers are three times as likely as non-Indigenous mothers to die during childbirth (AIHW, 2014a; AIHW, 2014b). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The social determinants of health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers" essay for you Create order There are many complex, interrelated social factors which impact the health of Indigenous people. This paper provides a critical analysis of the social determinants of health for Indigenous mothers in particular. Education is one of the most fundamental social determinants of health, and this is particularly true for Indigenous Australians. Education enables Indigenous women to access and interpret health-related information to prevent ill health, and it also improves their capacity to engage effectively with the health care system when necessary (Jones et al., 2014). In Indigenous women, higher levels of education are directly linked with positive health outcomes; for example, an Indigenous woman is less likely to smoke if she completes secondary schooling (Australian Government Department of Health Ageing, 2012; Biddle Cameron, 2012). However, Indigenous women have poor rates of formal education attainment; just 29% of Indigenous people complete Year 12 compared with a nationa l average of 73% (ABS, 2012). Indigenous women with a lower standard of education are more likely to bear a child in their adolescent years, a particular problem for Indigenous women generally, and are also more likely to have a child with a low birthweight (Comino et al., 2009; Osborne et al., 2013). Additionally, Indigenous mothers with lower standards of education are more likely to children with poor educational outcomes; this highlights the significant problems associated with the intergenerational transfer of health and social risk in Indigenous communities (Benzies et al., 2011). Education is related directly to an Indigenous womans level of economic participation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" specifically, her ability to gain employment and earn an adequate income, both of which are key predictors of health (Osborne et al., 2013). Research suggests that an Indigenous persons chance of gaining employment increases by 40% if they complete Year 10 and by 53% if they complete Year 12 (N ew South Wales Government Department of Education Training, 2004). However, as with low education, low employment is a significant problem for Indigenous women; indeed, rates of unemployment for Indigenous women are above 16%, compared with a national average of just 4% (ABS, 2013). Economic disadvantage resulting from unemployment is a significant predictor of poor health. Booth and Carrol (2008) suggest that economic variables can explain up to 50% of the disparity in health between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Additionally, and demonstrating the cyclical nature of socioeconomic disadvantage and poor health in Indigenous communities, research also suggests that poor health may explain 60% of the disparity in employment participation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous women (Kalb et al., 2011). Unemployment and socioeconomic disadvantage may affect the health of Indigenous women in a range of ways. Primarily, limited disposable income à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" in comb ination with a lack of food storage and cooking facilities within households and, particularly within remote communities, lack of access to fresh food itself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" means indigenous women have reduced access to nutritionally-appropriate foods and lower food security (Osborne et al., 2013; Browne et al., 2014). Indeed, the diets of Indigenous people in many regions are characterised by a high intake of saturated fats, refined carbohydrates and salt, and little to no intake of fresh fibre-rich foods (ABS, 2006). In Indigenous women, as in all women, nutrition is fundamental to health in the ante-, intra- and post-partum periods (Browne et al., 2014). Poor dietary intake leads to high rates of gestational diabetes mellitus among Indigenous mothers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 5.1%, compared with a national average of 4.5% (2000-2009 estimate) (Chamberlain et al., 2014). Poor nutritional status also underpins the burden of chronic disease evident in Indigenous women and particularly c hronic diseases related to obesity, which are a significant problem in Indigenous communities (Liaw et al., 2011). Around 60% of Indigenous women aged 25-55 years have a body mass index which indicates they are obese (ABS, 2006). Because of the risks posed by chronic disease, Indigenous mothers are significantly more likely than non-Indigenous mothers to require antenatal hospital admission (Badgery-Parker et al., 2012). Additionally, maternal chronic disease means that around 11% of indigenous neonates have a low birthweight (ABS, 2014). This is an important marker for increased risk of chronic disease, again demonstrating the cyclical nature of socioeconomic disadvantage and poor health outcomes in Indigenous communities. Socioeconomic disadvantage has a variety of other impacts on Indigenous mothers. For example, lack of employment and poverty mean that many Indigenous women have reduced access to appropriate housing. Up to 28% of Indigenous people live in housing which is sev erely overcrowded and where basic facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" including showers, toilets and stoves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" are not available or do not work (Osborne et al., 2013). Compounding the issue of poor housing is the fact that Indigenous Australians, and particularly those living in regional and remote communities, have disproportionate access to essential health infrastructure such as safe drinking water, rubbish collection services, sewerage systems and a reliable supply of power (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007; Osborne et al., 2013). Indeed, lower standards of housing health infrastructure in Australian communities contribute directly to the high rates of parasitic and bacterial infection and increased rates of physical injury à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for example, from house fires à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" among Indigenous women (Bailie Wayte, 2006). Inappropriate, overcrowded housing has had other impacts on Indigenous mothers. Specifically, it has led to breakdowns in tr aditional, complex social structures, norms and spiritual practices in Indigenous communities (Osborne et al., 2013). This has resulted in increases in the rates violence, including domestic violence, perpetrated against Indigenous women; indeed, Indigenous women are 40 times more likely than non-Indigenous women to experience violence, and are 35 times more likely to experience intra-familial violence which results in hospitalisation (Osborne et al., 2013). Indigenous people are also significantly more likely than non-Indigenous people to experience sexual assault (Phillips Park, 2006; ABS, 2009). The Australian Human Rights Commission (2007) notes that a combination of unemployment, the receipt of welfare payments and a lower standard of education also predispose Indigenous women to an increased risk of poor health outcomes due to violence. In Indigenous women in particular, social capital à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" including a connection with community, country and culture, is positi vely correlated with wellbeing (Brough et al., 2004; Biddle, 2012; Osborne et al., 2013). The relationship between social capital and mental wellbeing, particularly in Indigenous people, is well-established, however the correlation between social capital and physical wellbeing is now also acknowledged. For example, a number of Australian studies have demonstrated that Indigenous people who are connected to their community, country and culture are less likely to be diagnosed with a range of chronic health conditions including obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and renal disease (Burgess et al., 2009; Campbell et al., 2011). Where there are declines in social capital, therefore, the mental and physical health of Indigenous women also decline. Shepherd et al. (2012) report on the growing body of knowledge which suggests that Indigenous peoples social environment may significantly affect their mental health. Rates of mental illness among Indigenous women are high; indeed, Indig enous women are 2.6 times as likely as non-Indigenous women to report experiencing psychological distress and are also more likely to engage in self-harm and / or suicide (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007; Burns et al. 2015, np). Mental illness is also strongly correlated with poverty; for example, Australian research suggests that people in poverty lack a sense of control over their lives and so experience higher levels of psychological stress (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007). In addition to poor mental health, psychological stress can also lead to poor physical health outcomes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" specifically, via negative effects on the immune and cardiovascular systems and metabolic function (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007; Shepherd et al., 2012). Mental illness is not only underpinned by social health determinants, it is also problematic in terms of modifying the social factors which underpin poor health outcomes in Indigenous communities. For example , Marmot (2011) suggests that, in Indigenous communities, marginalisation results in disempowerment which in turn leads many Indigenous women to perceive little value in efforts to make health-related changes. Social dysfunction and high rates of mental illness in Indigenous communities is driven by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and, indeed, drives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the high rate of substance abuse in these communities (Osborne et al., 2013).   Indigenous women are twice as likely as non-Indigenous women to smoke on a daily basis, and three times as likely to smoke during pregnancy (Osborne et al., 2013; Passey et al., 2013). Approximately 50% of Indigenous people report consuming alcohol at least once per week, 28% report current regular use of illicit substances including cannabis and other drugs, and 15% engage in risky behaviours related to substance use (ABS, 2006). Substance abuse is an important social determinant of health; the correlation between substance use and poor outc omes in terms of both physical and mental health in adults is well-established. Whilst the prevalence of Indigenous mothers who use alcohol and illicit substances is unknown, rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and neonatal abstinence syndrome are high among Indigenous neonates (AIHW, 2015). Additionally, Indigenous mothers who abuse substances are at greater risk of losing custody of their children; because of the relationship between social capital and health in Indigenous communities, this can itself be perceived as a poor health outcome (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007; Osborne et al., 2013). As noted by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing (2013), poverty limits the access of many Indigenous people to health care services. This is particularly true in regional and remote communities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and approximately 46% of Indigenous women live in an area classified as regional or remote (ABS, 2010). Though many regional and remote Indig enous communities are supported by fly-in fly-out health services, research suggests that fragmented services and discontinuity of care can contribute to poor health outcomes for Indigenous women (Bar-Zeev et al., 2012). Many communities have no health services at all, and to receive medical attention Indigenous women are often required to travel long distances to regional centres. Although the federal government subsidises the transport and accommodation expenses associated with such trips, general living costs borne by Indigenous women are often significant (Kildea et al., 2010). Additionally, the costs for those accompanying a woman are often not subsidised, so women may be required to travel without support (Kildea et al., 2010). These issues affect Indigenous mothers disproportionately; for example, in comparison to non-Indigenous women, Indigenous women tend to access antenatal care both less frequently and later in their pregnancy, and this is underpinned by lack of access to care (Osborne et al., 2013). Further complicating these issues is the fact that the risk-prevention paradigm evident in many medicalised health services is incompatible with the holistic perception of health held by many Indigenous women (Ireland et al., 2011). Additionally, historic protectionist and paternalist attitudes directed towards Indigenous people continue to pervade many medicalised health services in Australia. Durey and Thompson (2012) suggest that racism, both covert and overt, towards Indigenous women in Australian health services remains a significant problem; indeed, the Australian Human Rights Commission (2007) notes that systematic discrimination is a key factor underpinning the lack of opportunity for Indigenous Australians achieve a health status equitable to that of non-Indigenous Australians. These issues associated with culturally-safe service provision often culminate in Indigenous mothers disengaging from medicalised health services. This is a significa nt problem considering a lack of antenatal and intrapartum care in particular, and health care in general, is fundamental to the high maternal morbidity and mortality rates in Indigenous communities (AIHW, 2014a). This paper has provided a critical analysis of the many social determinants of health for Australias Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and, particularly, Indigenous mothers. It has demonstrated that social factors underpin the health of Indigenous mothers in both the physical and mental domains. It has also provided evidence for the complex relationship between health and social determinants in Indigenous mothers. 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Economics Letters, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 604-606. Brough, M, Bone C Hunt, J 2004, Strong in the city: Towards a strength-based approach in Indigenous health promotion, Health Promotion Journal of Australia, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 215-220. Browne, J, Hayes, R Gleeson, D 2014, Aboriginal health policy: Is nutrition the gap in Closing the Gap?, Australian New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 362-369. Burgess, CP, Johnston, FH, Berry, ML, McDonnell, J, Yibarbuk, D, Gunabarra, C, Mileran, A Bailie, RS 2009, Healthy country, healthy people: The relationship between Indigenous health status and caring for country, Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 190, no. 10, pp. 567-572., viewed 26 September 2015, https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2009/190/10/healthy-country-healthy-people-relationship-between-indigenous-health-status-and Burns, J, MacRae, A, Thomson, N, Anomie, M, Gray, C, Levitan, L, McLoughlin, N, Potter, C, Ride, K, Stumpers, S, Trzesinki, A Urquhart, B 2013, Summary of Indigenous womens health, viewed 26 September 2015, https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/population-groups/women/reviews/our-review Campbell, D, Burgess, CP, Garnett, ST Wakerman, J 2011, Potential primary health care savings for chronic disease care associated with Australian Aboriginal involvement in land management, Health Policy, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 83-89. Chamberlain, C, Banks, E, Joshy, G, Diouf, I, Oats, JJ, Gubhaiu, L Eades, S 2014, Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus amon g Indigenous women and comparison with non-Indigenous Australian women: 1990-2009, Australian New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 433-440. Comino, E, Knight, J, Webster, V, Jackson-Pulver, L, Jalaludin, B, Harris, E, Craig, P, McDermott, D, , Henry, R Harris, M 2012, Risk and protective factors for pregnancy outcomes for urban Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal mothers and infants: The gudaga cohort, Maternal Child Health Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 569-578. Durey, A Thompson, SC 2012, Reducing the health disparities of Indigenous Australians: Time to change focus, BMC Health Services Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 151-161. Ireland, S, Wulili, N, Concepta, B Kildea, S 2011, Niyith nniyith watman (the quiet story): Exploring the experiences of Aboriginal women who give birth in their remote community, Midwifery, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 634-641. Jones, K, Parker, EJ Jamieson, LM 2014, Access, literacy and behavioural correlates of poor self-rat ed oral health amongst an Indigenous South Australian population, Community Dental Health, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 167-171. Kalb, G, Le, T Leung, F 2011, Decomposing differences in labour force status between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, viewed 25 September 2015, https://ftp.iza.org/dp6808.pdf Kildea, S, Kruske, S, Barclay, L Tracy, S 2010, Closing the gap: How maternity services can contribute to reducing poor maternal / infant health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, Rural Remote Health, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1-18. Liaw, ST, Lau, P, Pyett, P, Furler, J, Burchill, M, Rowley, K Kelaher, M 2011, Successful chronic disease care for Aboriginal Australians requires cultural competence, Australian New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 238-248. Marmot, M 2011, Social determinants and the health of Indigenous Australians, Aboriginal Islander Health Worker Journ al, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 21-22. New South Wales Government Department of Education and Training 2004, The Report of the Review of Aboriginal Education, viewed 26 September 2015, https://www.det.nsw.edu.au/media/downloads/reviews/aboriginaledu/report/aer2003_04.pdf Osborne, K, Baum, F Brown, L 2013, What works? A review of actions addressing the social and economic determinants of Indigenous health, Australian Institute of Health Welfare, viewed 25 September 2015, https://www.aihw.gov.au/uploadedFiles/ClosingTheGap/Content/Publications/2013/ctgc-ip07.pdf Passey, ME, Bryant, J, Hall, AE Sanson-Fisher, RW 2013, How will we close the gap in smoking rates for pregnant Indigenous women?, Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 199, no. 1, pp. 39-41. Phillips, J Park, M 2006, Measuring domestic violence and sexual assault against women: A review of the literature and statistics, Parliament of Australia, viewed 26 September 2015, https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamenta ry_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/ViolenceAgainstWomen Shepherd, CCJ, Li, Jianghong Zubrick, SR 2012, Social gradients in the health of Indigenous Australians, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 107-117.

The Social Theory of Decentering

Decentering is a way of understanding the world in its social and psychological aspects that holds that there is no single way to read an event, or institution, or text. Gathering varied experiences from many individuals produces greater fidelity, such that an explanation of an event based on a decentered approach will acknowledge many different interpretations from many different individuals. In Relation to Technology The explosion in social media in the second decade of the 21st Century has been a boom to the theory of decentering. For example, the events of the so-called Arab Spring following the popular revolution in Egypt in 2011 played out vividly on Twitter, Facebook, and other social networking sites. The multiplicity of voices and viewpoints created a wide field of data for understanding not just the facts of the events, but their underlying meaning to a cross-section of Middle Eastern people. Other examples of decentering could be seen in popular movements in Europe and the Americas. Groups like 15-M in Spain, Occupy Wall Street in the United States, and Yo soy 132 in Mexico organized similarly to the Arab Spring on social media. Activists in these groups called for greater transparency of their governments and teamed up with movements in different countries to address common problems all over the world, including the environment, health, immigration, and other important issues. In Relation to Crowdsourcing Crowdsourcing, the process coined in 2005, is another aspect of decentering as it relates to production. Instead of outsourcing work to a determined group of laborers, crowdsourcing relies on the talents and perspectives of an undefined group of contributors who often donate their time or expertise. Crowdsourced journalism, with its multiplicity of viewpoints, has advantages over traditional writing and reporting because of its decentered approach. Decentering Power One effect of social decentering is the opportunity it presents to expose aspects of power dynamics that remained previously hidden. The exposure of thousands of classified documents on WikiLeaks in 2010 had the effect of decentering official government positions on various events and personages, as the secret diplomatic cables about them were made available for all to analyze.

Human Resource Management Hrm And Hrd - 1650 Words

According to the Journal of International Social Research by Haslinda (2009), since the 1980s, the US industry of manufacturing underwent a recession which caused the popularity and importance of human resource development (HRD) to rapidly escalate among business organizations, in a desperate bid to overcome their time of intense difficulty. Meanwhile, the human resource management (HRM) shared many differences as well as similarities with the HRD which were both vital for organizations to clarify and understand. This essay will argue that the main areas of differences between HRM and HRD involve within their function, strategy, skills and training, but despite their differences HRM and HRD should be considered as one academic discipline due to how their roles and responsibilities are interrelated to each other. In this essay, the term ‘development’ will be understood as a process that is necessary for any sort of advancement, additionally, the term ‘managementâ₠¬â„¢ will be understood as a condition to control. First, this essay will acknowledge why the fundamental differences between HRM and HRD can cause an individual to consider them as two separate academic disciplines, however, it will immediately become clear why this perspective is flawed through a variety of reasons. The subsequent paragraphs will reinforce this argument by explaining how HRM and HRD are two interrelated concepts under the same field of study and is a single academic discipline, rather than as twoShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development976 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development Diana Williams National American University Understanding the Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development Human resource management (HRM) is the umbrella under which all other human resource activities are found. Some of the major activities under the umbrella are: benefits and compensation, health safety and security, human resource planning, staffing, equal employmentRead MoreCorporate Training And Development ( T / Hrd1367 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate values of LD / HRD Interestingly, much of the existing literature on corporate training and development (TD) has been grieved for the unsuccessful efforts of organization to improve the skills, attitudes and knowledge of employees for business performance (Campbell et al., 1970; Hall, 1984). The idea to develop a protocol that is feasible, reliable and operationally viable to measure and examine the effectiveness of TD programmes are now still challenging many academics (Crawford andRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm ) And Human Resources Development Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership in Human Resource Management (HRM) and Human Resource Development (HRD) have strong associations to people based initiatives within an organization. Employee actions and behaviors are inï ¬â€šuenced by HRM practices such as stafï ¬ ng, evaluation of employees, and incentives or rewards, and HRD practices such as training and career development. HRM is tasked with making the best possible use of the organizations human  resources, while HRD is an extension of HRM that focuses on the developmentRead MoreWhy The Artifact Was Selected988 Words   |  4 Pages issues, and trends in HRD in the course Seminar in Human Resource Development. This artifact considers strategic huma n resource management (SHRM) practices in terms of what human resource (HR) practitioners are doing and how it affects the organizations they are doing it in and the field of human resource development (HRD). Definitions of SHRM are represented as; a human resource system designed for the mandates of business strategy and a planned model of human resources activities to allow theRead MoreHuman Resource Development : China1082 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyse and review the procedures which led to human resource development (HRD) in China. People’s Republic of China is the world’s most populous nation with an abundance of manpower availability. The human resources in China were under-utilized because of many reasons. Since China got independence in 1949 till late 1970’s, they followed a highly centralized economic planning system, unlike the western countries where the focus was manpower management. The primary focus of China during these yearsRead MoreHuman Resourc e Management ( Hrm )1227 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used effectively and in alignment with an organization’s goals† (Youssef, 2012). The primary role of human resource management is to plan, develop, and order policies and programmers designed to make prompt use of an organization’s human resources. It is that part of management which is concerned with the people at work and with their relationship within an organization. I currently workRead MoreThe Approach to Talent Management at Standard Chartered Bank7894 Words   |  32 Pages1 Section A 1.1 Question 1 1.1.1 Personnel, human resource management and SHRM If you want to evaluate Standard Chartered’s approach to talent management (TM) in relation to strategic human resource management (SHRM) you first have to clarify the terms related to this area such as: personnel, human resource management (HRM) and SHRM. ‘Human Resource Management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to obtain competitive advantage though the strategic deployment of aRead MoreThe Diversity Of Human Resources Management1444 Words   |  6 Pagesadopt different strategies through the people, their employees. The ethical challenges, political and economic instabilities, and globalization are issues that are also faced by today business firms are what Human Resource management is all about. 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Organizations are gearing up for the difficult times ahead by tapping all the resources on hand. Organizations realize that their people or employees would be one of the prime resources for establishing a competitive edge in the future. Consequently, organizations would require workable strategies to align the individual talents/strengths of their people towards business goals. This is where Human Resources professionals can play

Ellyday by Helen Oyeyemi Free Essays

Ellyday is about two siblings, Sophie and Elly. The story takes place in Elly’s bedroom one cold Sunday morning, four days before Christmas. Sophie walked into Elly’s bedroom, because she was worried about her sister Elly, who is really skinny and she wanted to talk with her. We will write a custom essay sample on Ellyday by Helen Oyeyemi or any similar topic only for you Order Now While Sophie tried to figure out, how to ask Elly to pull her jumper up, Elly wanted to listen to a CD. Elly wouldn’t pull her jumper up and said to Sophie that she was only going to get angry.Then they discussed Elly’s weight and appearance and Elly said that she thought Sophie’s problem is in fact, that Elly is now as skinny as Sophie. After that Elly started to cry hideous and sank to the floor. Sophie told Elly that she can’t see properly how she can think it’s worth it, but Elly just answered that Sophie didn’t really care and that she saw it happening. Sophie also told Elly that she was actually sick and needed help and that it would be wise to talk to someone. At this moment Elly listened to her sister and asked her when it’s okay to die. Sophie got shocked and realized that she didn’t know this person anymore. Elly elaborate on her question about if it was okay to die before you’ve ever kissed a boy, or ever been loved, or anything like that. While Sophie was going to explain that it was not okay to die, she just stopped speaking and stared brimming overwhelmed, because Elly had pulled up her jumper. Sophie and Elly are teenagers and I think that Sophie is the oldest of them. Elly has an eating disorder and is very skinny and looks like a scarecrow. She has fluffy brown hair and leaking, dead brown eyes.She’s mostly a silent girl, but when Sophie talks directly about Elly’s thinness, she goes into self-defense. Elly had no control over her words and stumble hesitates over every word that came out from her mouth. It’s painful for Elly to speak clearly and rounded, without a slur. She had pale skin tone and shaking hands due to her thinness. She wears baggy clothes and stuff like that so people can’t see how thin she is. Elly was fat before and has a serious psychological problem. She doesn’t feel well inside and asks questions like how it’s okay to die and when it will be a shame.It seems like that Elly feels she’s failed her sister, because she said to Sophie that she had seen what was happening with Elly and that she didn’t care. Elly struggled to stand up, talk and things like that. She’s very weak but unshakable, and wouldn’t pull her jumper up for her sister. But in the end of the story Sophie gets a surprise. Sophie is the big sister, and she feels a responsibility over Elly. She’s very worried about Elly but also very straightforward in the language. She forced herself to sound irritable over Elly, as she had so many times before when they were younger.She threatened to stop speaking to Elly if she didn’t do what Sophie said. Sophie behaves like a bossy kind, like who always told Elly what to do, to protect her little sister. I don’t like the end of the story; because we don’t know what happened after Elly pulled her jumper up. We don’t know h ow Sophie reacted and why Elly had talked about when it was okay to die. I would do everything in my power to prevent anything from happening to my friends. Weather it was drugs, drinking, eating disorders or over eating. I wouldn’t leave them. What are friends for? Friendship for me isn’t just about having fun. It’s about taking the good and bad with each other. If I were a teenager I would probably get advice from some older wiser person who is more experienced in life. From there I would hope the best for them and let them know they have my support if they need me, because sometimes it’s not about to tell them what to do and such it’s more about support. Of course you have to tell them that what they’re doing isn’t good and helping, but not being bossy. Keep in mind they didn’t always do this to themselves by no reason, so figure out the reason and then help them through it. How to cite Ellyday by Helen Oyeyemi, Papers

Americas role in WW2 free essay sample

Adolf Hitler killed six million Jews in Europe between the years 1933 and 1945. Hitler, however, could not do this without help. American laws and policies made escape to America nearly impossible, and her silence emboldened the Nazis to continue the persecution of European Jewry. The Zionist organization displaying excessive loyalty to England, their rulers in Israel, hampered many rescue missions. I accuse these countries and organizations of being partners in crime with Nazi Germany. By their silence, and by their conduct they helped kill many millions of Jews. America, Zionism, and Germany killed six million Jews in Europe between the years 1933 and 1945. America’s Role in the Holocaust A Review of policies and attitudes of the American government that allowed the final solution to take place. In 1544 the rabid anti-Semite and founding father of the Protestant Church, Martin Luther, published his book Von den Juden und Ihren Luegen (On the Jews and their Lies). We will write a custom essay sample on Americas role in WW2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In it he called for the destruction of Jewish homes and businesses. Richard Wagner, crown of Germany’s society is quoted in the Nazi film, â€Å"Der Ewige Jude,† (Fritz Hippler, 1940) as saying â€Å"The Jew is the demon behind the corruption of mankind. † It seems fair to say that anti-Semitism held a prominent place in German culture, and needed only a spark to set off what lay dormant for many years. Germany, after World War One was in shambles, with its economy a joke and inflation driving the general public to poverty. It was in this atmosphere that Adolf Hitler entered politics in the year 1919. Hitler in Mein Kampf (chapter 12) describes his quick ascension through the Labor party ranks, eventually forming his own party called National Socialist Labor Party which held its first large formal meeting on February 20, 1920. In 1933 Hitler rose to power and kept it until Germany’s downfall in 1945. During these twelve years the world changed drastically and the course of Jewish history was forever altered. Hitler’s Rise to Power Hitler attempted to gain leadership of Germany earlier, but was not successful until January 30, 1933. This win was the result of obtaining 44% of the national vote combined with another 8% from another party so that Hitler had a 16 seat majority in the Reichstag1. In March of that year the Reichstag, almost unanimously, voted itself out of power leaving Hitler as the absolute leader of the country. Hitler, in Mein Kampf, wrote all his plans and outlook, and after reading it, it is obvious that all was planned and known before2. One of his most significant viewpoints is that there be a single supreme leader. He writes: At a time when the majority dominates everywhere else a movement which is based on the principle of one leader who has to bear personal responsibility for the direction of the official acts of the movement itself will one day overthrow the present situation and triumph over the existing regime. That is a mathematical certainty. (p. 390) Arthur D. Morse in his book While Six Million Died (1969) quotes the U. S. ambassador to Germany as writing to Washington that â€Å"Democracy in Germany has received a blow from which it may never recover† (p.89). Over the next couple of months, then years, anti-Semitic laws grew increasingly harsh and racism escalated. Whereas episodes of anti-Semitic violence once occurred in the dark of night, it now became the norm for Jews to be attacked on their way to work or while coming back from school. The government organized boycotts on Jewish businesses, and defacements were a common sight. Throughout April and May of that year the professional class of Jews was all but gone. Morse (1969) expresses the harshness of these laws. The Nazi technique for outlawing the Jews economically began with the destruction of the professional classes and worked its way down to the humblest citizen. Within three months after the law’s3 enactment, more than 30,000 heads of families representing 100000 individuals had been deprived of a living. (p. 126) The infamous Nuremburg laws climaxed the impossibility for the continued living conditions of Jews in Germany. The spreading of anti-Semitism through widespread propaganda was extremely extensive as it was well thought out. Children’s books such as The Poisonous Mushroom, and Don’t Trust a Fox in the Meadow, were written as educational tools to safeguard the purity of the Aryan population. Government issued radios were sold for the cheap price of 76 Reich marks to broadcast Hitler’s speeches. 4 Loudspeakers were placed throughout the city streets prior to each speech or rally. There was no escape from the pervasive force of anti-Semitism. As Joseph Goebbels said The essence of propaganda consists in winning people over to an idea so sincerely, so vitally, that in the end they succumb to it utterly and can never escape from it. Such was the rise of Hitler to power in 1933. Such was the anti-Semitism that followed. Silent Bystanders Two weeks after Hitler’s rise to power in Germany, Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as president of the United States. The most urgent of responsibilities which fell on him were not foreign matters, but dealing with the great depression at home. FDR, as he came to be known earned himself much adoration for the early action he took to stop the plummeting of the economy. Although his alphabet soup programs, as they became known, were slightly controversial, everyone admired his boldness in taking action. The president’s friend, Rabbi Stephen Wise, was a Reform Rabbi and probably the most influential one in America at the time. He headed the American Jewish Congress one of the most powerful Jewish organizations of the time. When the racist laws started the initial response, Morse writes, was â€Å"to wait and see† hoping the torrent of anti-Semitism would slow (p. 126). When it didn’t the general American public demanded that some form of formal warning be given to the Germans5. The only protest actually given was in regard to the mistreatment of American citizens. About the general condition of Europe’s Jews, Secretary of state Cordell Hull, in a letter dated march 28, 1933 wrote to a Jewish delegation, â€Å"A reply has now been received [from Nazi Herman Goring] indicating that whereas there was for a short time considerable physical mistreatment of Jews, this phase may be considered virtually terminated. † This answer was trusted in the face of much evidence. In response to requests of American protest the secretary wrote â€Å"I am of the opinion that outside intercession has rarely produced the results desired and has frequently aggravated the situation. † This answer was, in different variations, the general approach of American policy until 1938. (While Six Million Died p. 93) Silent Brethren In the year 1917 the English announced in the famous Balfour Declaration â€Å"Let us give the Jews a homeland,† and in the pact of 1925 they proclaimed â€Å"Let Britain prepare a homeland for the Jews in Palestine. † Now, in these times of sorrow, the princes of Israel such as Chaim Weizmann, Eliezer ben Yehuda, and other leaders of Zionism like them had a decision to make. To whom would their loyalties lie? Now that they were the ones in power, for they were the spokesmen of Zionism to England, would they bring as many Jews to Palestine, or thinking of the best interests of England would they discourage them from coming6? Ben Hecht (Perfidy, 1999) quotes the tragic decision made by the leader of Zionism, the leader of world Jewry. Dr. Weizmann, addressing the 480 Zionist delegates, fifteen hundred visitors, two hundred press correspondents from all corners of the earth, and official foreign representatives from a score of nations, had this to say: â€Å"I told the British Royal Commission that the hopes of Europe’s six million Jews were centered on emigration. I was asked, ‘Can you bring six million Jews to Palestine? ’ I replied, ‘No. ’ . . . The old ones will pass. They will bear their fate or they will not. They were dust, economic and moral dust in a cruel world. . . . Only a branch shall survive. . . . They had to accept it . If they feel and suffer they will find the way—beachareth hajamin—in the fullness of time . . . I pray that we may preserve our national unity, for it is all we have. † In Jewish tradition, the Hebrew phrase Weizmann used, â€Å"beachareth hajamin,† meant that â€Å"When the Messiah comes, all the Dead will be revived. † (p. 20) These words spoken in 1937 are the clear plan of the main branch of Zionism, the type that influenced British policy in Israel, to abandon them when war were to break out. We can therefore appreciate the tragedy of the Jews in Germany in 1933 until 1939. The doors to Israel were closed long before the infamous white paper of 1939 was issued. America’s Golden Door Closes7 In the beginning of the 20th century the United States was inundated with many immigrants from Poland, Russia, Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Rumania. These were a new type of immigrant, the poor one. Morse (1969) notes the how each group kept to themselves instead of melting into the society of Americans. â€Å"Unlike most of the earlier immigrants, who had dispersed throughout the nation, they [the new immigrants] settled in the cities. They remained identifiable groups . . . alarmed the labor organizations† (p. 110). Because of this a quota on how many immigrants were allowed to enter was put into effect. In 1929 the quota was set at 153,774 people, 83,575 of which was reserved for Great Britain and Ireland. Two more laws were enacted in 1924 which made it hard for immigrants to enter. One was a law requiring a sponsor so as to ensure that the immigrant be supported and not become a public charge. Another law demanded a letter of recommendation from the city of origins police as to the upright character of the emigre. While these laws are reasonable in normal times, in times of genocide they must be compromised. These laws were not at all changed. It is quite inconceivable how a Jew of those times would be able to get this letter. Additionally, to stop people from leaving Germany, laws limiting the amount of money one may take with them were put into effect. They essentially used the American law to facilitate their evil scheme. Anyone thinking of leaving would automatically be considered a public charge by America. In 1940 just as matters were heating up, FDR appointed Breckinridge Long to head the state department, putting all immigration or foreign visiting matters in his hands. Long was a known anti-Semite and admirer of Mussolini and his fascist government. This did not bode well for Jews looking too escape. They stood almost no chance of being allowed to enter the U. S. Morse (1969) sums up the official outlook against changing the quota system. Five days [after kristalnacht] later, at a white house press conference, a reporter asked the president, â€Å"Would you recommend a relaxation of our immigration policies so that Jewish refugees could be received in this country? â€Å"That is not in contemplation† replied the president â€Å"we have the quota system. † The U. S. not only insisted upon its immigration laws . . . but administered it with severity and callousness. (p. 124) There was nowhere to go. Hecht (Perfidy, 1999) ties all of the above. He explains how the Germans had tested their theory that nobody cared or wanted the Jews. This is why they started relatively slowly and increased their harshness as times went on and they were proven correct. In the late 1930’s, the Germans began to test this discovery. The S. S. started beating up Jews in Berlin, Munich, Frankfurt, Cologne, and other towns. Then they tried killing a few hundred here and there. Their hunch was upheld. The killing of Jews, openly and brutally, produced no moral thunder or even noticeable objection—not from the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia. And not even from world Jewry. The Jewish Agency and World Zionism were officially silent. (p. 92) The Germans were free to do what they want. There was no escape. All doors were locked, all eyes shut, and ears oblivious to the tears shed and the disaster to come. Partners of the Final Solution Adolf Eichmann, one of the top Nazis in charge of liquidating ghettos and other grisly projects, wrote in a memoir which was found later and published in Life magazine â€Å"In 1941, the Fuhrer himself ordered the physical annihilation of the Jewish enemy. The method of the liquidation was prussic acid contained in Zyklon B gas. The days of the primitive shooting of victims was over, although it killed one million over its time. The systematic killing machine was about to begin. Gerhardt Reigner, secretary of the Geneva branch of the World Jewish Congress sent a cable to multiple recipients including the U. S. and British governments, and central headquarters of the World Jewish Congress. The cable read: Received alarming report stating that, in the Fuehrers Headquarters, a plan has been discussed, and is under consideration, according to which all Jews in countries occupied or controlled by Germany numbering 3? to 4 million should, after deportation and concentration in the East, be at one blow exterminated, in order to resolve, once and for all the Jewish question in Europe. Action is reported to be planned for the autumn. Ways of execution are still being discussed including the use of prussic acid. We transmit this information with all the necessary reservation, as exactitude cannot be confirmed by us. Our informant is reported to have close connections with the highest German authorities, and his reports are generally reliable. Please inform and consult New York. (While Six Million Died, p. 13) When this communication reached Rabbi Stephen Wise on August 28 he immediately approached his friend, the president. The president told him he was â€Å"profoundly shocked† and assured him that â€Å"the U. S. and allies will take every step to end the crimes and save those who might yet be saved. † He told Wise, however, that â€Å"the mills of the G-ds grind slowly. † An amazing answer to an urgent request, at the same time expressing his wish to help, and also explaining his limitations. After this Wise fully cooperated with FDR, not raising any sort of outcry. Hecht (1999) records the refusal of general zionism to utilize their money for rescue operations, even as the extermination was already confirmed beyond doubt. Itzchak Greenbaum, chief of the Rescue Committee of the Jewish Agency, announced in Tel Aviv in 1943, â€Å"When they asked me, couldn’t you give money out of United Jewish Appeal funds for the rescue of Jews in Europe, I said, ‘No! ’ And I say again, ‘No! ’ In my opinion one should resist this wave which pushes the Zionist activities to secondary importance. †(p. 50) A smaller group of American Jews, realizing how nothing was being done, arranged for rallies and mass protests, and prominent newspaper spreads to inform the free world what was known and being witheld. Peter Bergson, formerly Hillel Kook, was the main driving force of this small group. Louis Rappaport writes (Shake Heaven and Earth, 1999) â€Å"On Dec. 27, 1942 the [protest] proclamation and its huge list of sponsors appeared as a two page spread in the New York Times . It was signed by 27 senators 20 governors . . . † Rappaport (chapter 6) recounts the deepseated hatred that Wise had for Bergson and his cronies even going so far as to regard him as â€Å"equally as great an enemy of the Jews as hitler. 8† It is because of this hatred that this group was unable to save anyone, although awareness was raised, and perhaps as an indirect result of their efforts the war refugee board started in 1944, although the connection is undocumented. Hecht gives another reason for their lack of success. The notables on our roster were sufficient seemingly to sweep any cause to victory. That they didn’t was due to two factors—our notables were not all of them on our side all the time. They came and went, like volunteer firemen. And the Jewish respectables outnumbered us. However many senators . . . the Jewish respectables could come up with five times as many. And not volunteer firemen, but full-time affiliates. (p. 190) The result of these main evils of American silence and immigration laws, and official Judaism’s carelessness, is the death of nearly six million Jews9. Although I cannot be so bold to state that most of the six million could have been saved, it is obvious that many more would have been saved if the â€Å"important Jews† would have worked with the unimportant ones. If idealism of Zionism would have been shelved for just a short time, many more Jews might have survived. However, Eichmann (â€Å"Eichmann Confessions† Life Magazine 1960), wrote of Kastner, the protagonist of Ben Hecht’s Perfidy, â€Å"I understand Kastner [for helping the Nazis and deserting the Jews in favor of Zionism], he is an idealist like I am. † This is the sad, tragic, and unvoiced story of the Final Solution.