Toursim Management free essay sample

Dissemination efforts Communication of affective states Attainment of mutual understanding VALUES donation 3 Management Thinking about thinking Critical Thinking Thinking actively Asking questions about what you see and hear Evaluating, categorizing, and finding relationships SHELLS Destination Management Activities Involved with Critical Thinking Interpreting according to a framework: Describing Relating theory to practice: Analyzing Making a claim and supporting it: Synthesizing Using appropriate evidence: Categorizing Making links between ideas: Establishing cause and effect Asking questions: Comparing and contrasting Evaluating: Identifying problems and solutions SHELLS Destination Management Graduate Skills Develop Knowledge and Values to operate Responsibly in a Business Context Effective Communication Skills for Diverse and International Business Environments Innovative and Creative with Critical Judgment Socially Responsible and Engaged in their Communities 4 Understanding Assessment Program Learning Objectives Learning Outcomes Course Learning Objectives Assessment Program Learning Objectives Course Learning Objectives lop Knowledge and Values to operate Response Learning Outcomes DID in a Business Context Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the values, policies, structures, and stakeholder groups that impact on destination planning, development and management at national, state, and local levels Understand the relationship between tourism development and the broader strategic planning functions within a destination, and critically evaluate the utility of various development options available within a destination Identify and understand the current issues and trends in destination product development and marketing, and their effects on tourism destinations Understand how the concept of experience economy applies to destinations and its impact on the management of tourism products and visitor experiences Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the factors that impact on destination management Tutorial Participation. We will write a custom essay sample on Toursim Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mid Semester Exam Group Assignment critically evaluate the utility of various development options available within a destination Identify and critically evaluate the current issues and trends in destination product Individual Assignment Understand now the concept to experience economy applies to destinations and its 6 7 Assessment Attendance Tutorial Participation ( You must attend ALL tutorials Participation Productive discussion contribution Case Studies Readings Assessment Mid-Term Exam(30%) All material covered in weeks 1 -6 45 Multiple Choice Questions Saturday April 20th. Assessment Assignment Draft Review(10%) peer Review Failure to submit will attract zero grade Tutors Review Final decision of grade 8 Assessment Individual Assignment(35%) Word Limit: 3000 words (+1- 10%) Due Date: 29th October 5:00 pm, Semester 2, 2013 Rationale: This assessment task is designed to encourage students to develop research, writing and critical thinking skills. The primary competencies addressed are communication, literacy, problem solving, critical evaluation, and innovation skills. See your [emailprotected] site and download your assignment tasks Assessment Group Assignment(15%) Presentation 3 minutes In tutorials Week 13 Clear Message!! Groups of 3 or 4 only! Prescribed Text 9 Tutorial Format Interactive Discussions Case Studies Links to your Assessments Lecture Format Links to your Assignment Research Focused Destinations are amalgams. Destinations are cultural appraisals. Destinations are inseparable: that is, tourism is produced where it is consumed. Destinations are used not Just by tourists but also by many other groups. SHELLS Destination Management 10 Destinations as Amalgams Attractions act to pull the visitor to the destination Amenities include accommodation, food and beverage outlets, entertainment, retailing and other services Access includes both local transport around the destination and access to and from the destination Ancillary services come in the form of local organizations SHELLS Destination Management SHELLS Sustainable Tourism Complimentary Destinations as Cultural Appraisals Authenticity Trends The tourism experience SHALL Destination Management SHELLS Sustainable Tourism Destinations Inseparability The nexus of consumption and production Seasonality Use it or lose it! 11 Destinations Multiple Uses Coastal Rural Day Visitors Host Communities Conflict or Complimentary? SHALL Destination Management SHELLS Sustainable Tourism Sustainable Destination Management Carrying capacity: Sustainable Physical Psychological Biological Social Destination Management Development planning Marketing Management Strategic Planning The adoption of a long-term perspective; The development of a logistic and integrated plan which controls the process of change through the formation of goals; A formalized decision process focused on the deployment of resources, which commit the destination to a future course of action; and The political process at the destination is critical to success. Sustainable Planning Assess potential Consultation Investment Marketing Research Target Market Mix and planning Visits and yield Management Protect resource Quality experience Sustainable growth Planning Competitive Tourism

How to Use your Profession to Develop a Writing Niche

How to Use your Profession to Develop a Writing Niche When you become a freelance writer, you can potentially write for numerous websites, blogs and magazines. How you decide which clients to approach depends on the niche you select. Your niche also helps with branding, which enables potential clients to find you. The most effective and engaging articles, blog posts and books are those written If you are passionate about your chosen career, you need look no further than your profession to develop your niche. Start Consider writing styles, too. This is especially important when it comes to length, type and tone of the article. A well-researched, lengthy article is quite different to an anecdotal, humorous one. Some questions to ask yourself in deciding what types of articles to write include: Do you want to motivate readers to join your profession? Do you want to educate the public regarding issues you believe are important? Or do you wish to create a friendly discussion with readers in your industry. Now that you have a list of ideas and styles, you can start looking for work. Firstly, source a few good websites and blogs about writing for a living. Two of my favourites are: Writers in Charge [www.writersincharge.com] and Make a Living Writing [www.makealivingwriting.com]. While you familiarise yourself with the various forms of freelance writing, I highly recommend joining a writing group for support, encouragement and feedback on your progress and your writing. GoodReads.com has many groups one can join including a writing group. There are many writing groups on FaceBook e.g. Freelance Writers [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2351373470/]. Dont have a blog yet? Start one! It helps you refine your niche and test different styles and subjects. It helps you connect with readers and potential clients, and learn what they wish to know. Blogging also provides social proof when you pitch for writing jobs, e.g. The Role of Occupational Therapy in Sleep and Wellness. [huffingtonpost.com/shoshanah-shear/the-role-of-occupational-_b_12673818.html?1477582471] Extending your blogging activity to creating content for client blogs is a wonderful way to earn. Securing a paid opportunity to write a column related to your profession can also position you as an expert in your field. This is a valuable marketing tool for gaining private clients. Lastly, search for websites, magazines and blogs related to your profession. Dont forget the trade magazines! This article of the top ten trade magazines [allyoucanread.com/top-10-trade-magazines/] can give you ideas of what to look for. Though most professional journals do not pay for articles, you might be surprised to find that some do! Trade publications can also provide many ideas for article topics or companies to approach for work. I have found that scouring the adverts in professional journals opens many doors, from providing client contact details to triggering ideas for original content. In summary, writing articles, blog posts or books can provide an interesting addition to your profession. This can become a side income stream or a new way to use your professional knowledge. Most of all, love sharing your professional knowledge with others. Love writing. Love your profession and love knowing what an impact you can have on the lives of others.

Aileen Hernandez - Feminist Civil Rights Activist

Aileen Hernandez - Feminist Civil Rights Activist Aileen Hernandez was a lifelong activist for civil rights and women’s rights. She was one of the founding officers of the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966. Dates:  May 23, 1926 – February 13, 2017 Personal Roots Aileen Clarke Hernandez, whose parents were Jamaican, was raised in Brooklyn, New York. Her mother, Ethel Louise Hall Clarke, was a homemaker who worked as a seamstress and traded domestic work for physicians services. Her father, Charles Henry Clarke Sr., was a brushmaker. School experiences taught her that she was supposed to be nice and submissive, and she early determined not to submit. Aileen Clarke studied political science and sociology at Howard University in Washington D.C., graduating in 1947. It was there she began to work as an activist to fight against racism and sexism, working with the NAACP and in politics. She later moved to California and received a master’s degree from California State University at Los Angeles. She has traveled widely in the course of her work for human rights and liberty. Equal Opportunities During the 1960s, Aileen Hernandez was the only woman appointed by President Lyndon Johnson to the government’s Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). She resigned from the EEOC because of frustration with the agency’s inability or refusal to actually enforce laws against sex discrimination. She started her own consulting firm, which works with government, corporate, and nonprofit organizations. Working with NOW While womens equality was getting more government attention, activists discussed the need for a private women’s rights organization. In 1966, a group of pioneering feminists founded NOW. Aileen Hernandez was elected NOW’s first Executive Vice-President. In 1970, she became the second national president of NOW, after Betty Friedan. While Aileen Hernandez led the organization, NOW worked on behalf of women in the workplace to gain equal pay and better handling of discrimination complaints. NOW activists demonstrated in several states, threatened to sue the U.S. Secretary of Labor and organized the Women’s Strike for Equality. When the president of NOW endorsed a candidate slate in 1979 which did not include any people of color in major positions, Hernandez broke with the organization, writing an open letter to feminists to express her critique of the organization for putting such priority on issues like the Equal Rights Amendment that issues of race and class were ignored. I have become increasingly distressed by the growing alienation of minority women who have joined feminist organizations like NOW. They are truly the women in the middle, isolated within their minority communities because of their espousal of the feminist cause and isolated in the feminist movement because they insist on attention to issues which impact heavily on minorities. Other Organizations Aileen Hernandez was  a leader on multiple political issues, including housing, the environment, labor, education and  health care. She co-founded Black Women Organized for Action in 1973. She has also worked with Black Women Stirring the Waters,  the California Women’s Agenda, the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and the California Division of Fair Employment Practices.  Ã‚   Aileen Hernandez won multiple awards for her humanitarian efforts. In 2005, she was part of a group of 1,000 women nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Hernandez died in February 2017.

Financial Statement Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Statement Analysis - Essay Example The companies selected for this by this essay for this analysis are the Nishat Mills Limited and the Crescent Textile Mills Limited. The incorporation of Crescent Textile Mills Limited as a public limited company was done in 1950 in Pakistan under the Companies Act of 1913. It is headquartered in Sargodha Road, Faisalabad. Its business is to textile manufacturing and includes spinning, combing, dyeing, bleaching, printing, weaving, stitching, selling buying, and otherwise dealing in cloth, yarn and other products and fabrics made from raw cotton as well as synthetic fibers (The Financial Times Ltd, 2015). In addition, it generates, accumulates, distributes, supplies and sells electricity. The Crescent Textile Mills Limited also operates a cold storage unit (Crescent Textile Mills Limited, 2013, p. 37). As a publicly listed company, Nishat Mills Limited was also incorporated in Pakistan in 1959 under the Companies Act of 1913 (Nishat Mills Ltd, 2013, p. 54). It is a vertically integrated company and just like Crescent Textile Mills Limited, its business involves textile manufacturing, spinning, combing, weaving, dyeing, printing, stitching, bleaching, apparel, buying, selling, dealing in yarn, cloth, linen, and other products and fabrics made from synthetic fiber and raw cotton. It also generates, accumulates, distributes, supplies and sells electricity (The Financial Times Ltd, 2015). Trend analysis is done by conducting horizontal and vertical analysis. The horizontal analysis is performed to focus on the trends or changes in financial statement items. The management and other users of financial information can see the relative changes over time in terms of positive and perhaps troubling trends (Putra, 2009). In performing this analysis, absolute amount as well as percentages is used to compare financial statements over several time periods

The Role of the RN in operation room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of the RN in operation room - Essay Example To provide effective care, it is necessary to have some experienced and qualified nurses be placed, as the role is critical and complex. Having an inexperienced non-qualified nurse at this position may yield complexities and inconvenience as only basic education in nursing may not provide the level of experience that role of a registered nurse demands. The paper presents the role of registered nurses in the operation of health care organizations. RN is a registered nurse who has successfully completed the educational requirements to attain the competencies required for certified practice in nursing. A patient going for a surgery does not expect to have some inexperienced medical practitioner and health professionals in operation room. On the other hand, surgeons also get distracted by any kind of action irreverent with the surgical process and it may implore a freaked reaction in safety of the patient. These situations occur when operation rooms allow registered nurses to take places of licensed practice nurses or anesthesiologist (Lingard et al, 2004, 330; Riley, Manias, 2006, 1541). Operation room, also referred as Surgical Suite is generally an area in the hospital where surgeries takes place. These are special areas equipped with delicate and expensive apparatuses to provide sufficient support to the medical practitioners to perform their surgeries. The surgeries may range from minor cuts and sewing to major gun shots, transplants and deliveries. Therefore, the team required in an OR must be experienced and competent enough to deliver all phases of care to the patients, handle complications and change of patients’ status and procedures (Sneddon et al, 2006, 255). Simple surgeries require three key personnel in an OR that are: a surgeon, an experienced registered nurse and an anesthesiologist. Additional support and staff are required on the basis of the type and severity level of surgery. The registered nurse tasks

Saint Augustine Essay -- Biography Biographies Augustine Essays

Saint Augustine Saint Augustine (354-430 AD), also known as Augustine of Hippo created an image of himself through his writings and teachings. He was born in Tagaste, a town in North Africa, on November 13, 354 AD. He was born into a middle class family. Patricius, his father, was a pagan, but later converted to Christianity because of his wife, Monica, was a devout Christian. Augustine’s mother, who was devoted to the Roman Catholic church, constantly tried for her son's conversion. Augustine was educated as a lecturer in the former North African cities of Tagaste, Madaura, and Carthage. The philosophical works of Marcus Tullius Cicero, a Roman speaker and politician, inspired Augustine to become a seeker after truth. Augustine engaged restlessly in philosophical studies, and passed from one phase of thought to another, unable to find satisfaction. From 373 until 382, in Carthage, he conformed to Manichaeism, a dualistic philosophy dealing with the conflict between good and evil. This seemed to be the answer to the confusion in his own heart. It solved the mysteries that confused him in his own experience. After realizing that this philosophy wouldn’t make a great ethical system, he abandoned this philosophy. After being educated throughout North Africa, he left Carthage and in 384 found himself in Milan where he would pursue his career of a professor in rhetoric. Also, in Milan he met and was influenced by the bishop, Ambrose. With this, Augustine was at tracted again to Christianity and was baptized by Ambrose in 387. Augustine was also influenced by Platonism. He than returned to North Africa where he became the bishop of Hippo in 391, a title he held until he died. This great â€Å"Father of the Church,† wrote a handbook on the three theological virtues: faith, hope, and love. The Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love was written in the year 420. It is a brief handbook on the proper mode of serving God, through faith, hope, and love. It is easy to say what one ought to believe, what to hope for, and what to love. But to defend our doctrines against the slander of those who think differently is a more difficult and detailed task. If one is to have this wisdom, it is not enough just to put an enchiridion in the hand. It is also necessary that a great eagerness be in the heart. Saint Augustine says that God created all things good. In Chapter XI, ... ...t evil is but the absence of good. I feel that God did make everything good, and it is the absence of good that causes evil. People choose the road they feel like taking throughout life. I think of it this way; God started us off on this world all consisting of good and it is we who choose to become evil. This follows through with Augustine’s next idea, which I also agree with, in that there can be no evil where there is no good. This holds true because everybody consists of good, and evil is the absence of good, so that just concludes that in order for evil there must be good. Augustine also says that good and evil can exist at the same time, but evil cannot exist without good, however, good can exist without evil. I feel that one can embody good and evil, there are many humans like that now. It’s true that evil cannot exist without good because we are only evil when we aren’t good, but one can be good without being evil. I hope I have made it clear that there are some points that I agree with and there are some ideas of Augustine that I don’t agree with. As for the way to serve God, I believe that as long as you live your life to the best of your ability, you will succeed.

In “A Rose for Emily,” William Faulkner

In â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† William Faulkner explores what encourages and what happens due to insanity. Emily Grierson’s life is narrated through, we can assume, a member of the community to which she belonged— â€Å"belongedâ€Å" is used   because she is already deceased at the beginning of the short story. Faulkner avoids telling the story chronologically and instead tells us about Emily’s past in a way similar to the way the human mind works—a series of memories all jumbled up.Emily, we find out, lived a life under an overly controlling father—she practically had no social life to speak of. Her father was basically the only person in her life so it is not surprising—although shocking—that she clings to him even after he dies. Upon his death, she goes out in the town and defies the set rules of society by seeing a man under her status. Fraternizing with this man, Homer Barron, may have had a positive impact on her life; h owever, Homer is â€Å"not a marrying man† (29), which turns out to be absolutely devastating for Emily. Emily, we can conclude from her father’s death, does not deal well with strife.The heartbreak is too much for her and causes her madness to lash out. Emily’s yearning for someone to love combined with her insanity leads her to commit deeds that a sane person would never do such as killing a man, leaving the decaying body in her house, lying next to the corpse, and perhaps even committing acts of necrophilia. Looking at Emily’s story, it is quite frightening to think of the extent of damage that madness can compel people to inflict. It is very probable that Emily did not realize how horrific her actions were.  Truth to tell William Faulkner’s â€Å" A Rose for Emily† is an incredibly fascinating story about a woman who practiced necrophilia. The story is about a woman who poison's her boyfriend and keeps his body in a bed in her upstairs room for decades. No one ever exits or enters her old house except for her negro manservant.And what is necrophilia, exactly and how do we prove by using the text of   â€Å" A Rose for Emily†Ã‚   that indeed, Emily Grierson was a necrophiliac? Necrophilia for Mirriam-Webster would mean, â€Å"obsession with an usually erotic interest   in corpses or erotic interest in the stimulation by corpses†.   Medical dictionaries would define â€Å"necrophilism† to be , â€Å"1. A morbid fondness for being in the presence of dead bodies,   and   2. The impulse to have sexual contact, or the act of such contact, with a dead body, usually of males with female corpses.†Necrophilia can best be described as sexual arousal stimulated by a dead body. The stimulation can be either in the form of fantasies or actual physical sexual contact with the corpse.   Legends with necrophilic themes are common throughout history and the concept of sexual interference wit h the dead has been known and abhorred since the ancient Egyptians, as noted by Herodotus:â€Å"When the wife of a distinguished man dies, or any woman who happens to be beautiful or well known, her body is not given to the embalmers immediately, but only after the lapse of three or four days. This is a precautionary measure to prevent the embalmers from violating her corpse, a thing which is actually said to have happened in the case of a woman who had just died.†The symptoms of necrophilia are as follows: necrophilia are the presence, over a period of at least six months, of recurrent and intense urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving corpses which are either acted upon or have been markedly distressing. And the manifestations are said to be characterized by the following data. There is a broad spectrum of necrophilic behaviors, ranging from fantasies alone to murder for the sake   of procuring a dead body.   Faulkner’s Emily did commit murder in order t o have   a dead man’s body to sleep beside with, â€Å" I want arsenic,† (28) Emily tells the druggist in Faulkner’s story. That she is about to commit murder is only implied, and the truth is seen towards the end of the narrative.Experts have subcategorized the paraphilia according to where it falls on that spectrum. â€Å"Necrophilic fantasies† of corpses, never acted upon, still fall within the scope of necrophilia and some authors have categorized this as a â€Å"neurotic equivalent† to necrophilia. â€Å" Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair.† (31) In this quote, the readers can deduce that, at the very least, Emily had lain beside the dead body of Homer Barron.â€Å"Pseudonecrophilia† describes isolated incidents where the sexual contact with the corpse may happen without pre-existing fantasies or desire to have sexual contact with the body. Even in its truest form, necrophilia can be quite varied, ranging from simply being in the presence of a corpse to kissing, fondling or performing sexual intercourse or cunnilingus on the body. The presence of other paraphilias or personality disorders, however, can manifest in more grotesque or sadistic elements such as mutilation of the corpse, drinking the blood or urine, or homicide (â€Å"necrophilic homicide† or â€Å"necrosadism†).The latter is the most disturbing end of the spectrum. Although assumed rare, many have argued that necrophilia may be more prevalent than statistics imply, given that the act would be carried out in secret with a victim unable to complain and given the length of time which the paraphilia has been recognized.   Ã‚  But if Emily had used arsenic to poison and murder Homer, then she could not have been capable of performing an act of necrophilic homicide, for, how many times can you poison an already deceased and poisoned man?Although the act of murder itself may generate the subsequent sexual frenzy, research has determined an alarming rate of homicide in order to obtain a body for subsequent sexual violation. Rosman and Resnick   int their study, â€Å"Necrophilia: An analysis of 122 cases involving necrophilic acts and fantasies† found that 42% of their study sample of necrophiles had murdered in order to obtain a body.Researchers have determined, however, that sadism itself is not usually an intrinsic characteristic of true necrophilia. (74) In all cases, there is undoubtedly sexual preference for a corpse rather than a living woman.   And this is what makes William Faulkner’s Emily, unique. In the plot is a reversal of the symptoms manifest   that is â€Å"usual† in the cases of necrophilia. Emily, is a woman, who preferred the company and sexual â€Å"comfort† of a dea d man.When no other act of cruelty – cutting into pieces etc., – is practiced on the corpse, it is probable that the lifeless condition itself, forms the stimulus for the perverse individual. Homer Barron, as implied in the story, was maybe going to flee Emily, hence she resorted to murder by poison, â€Å"   When she had first begun to be seen with Homer Barron, we had said, â€Å" She will marry him.†Ã‚   Then we said, â€Å" She will persuade him yet,†Ã‚  Ã‚   because Homer   himself had remarked- he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elks Club- that he was not a marrying man. (29)Kraft-Ebing   states in his, â€Å"Psychopathia sexualis†   It is possible that the corpse – a human form absolutely without will – satisfies an abnormal desire, in that the object of desire is seen to be capable of absolute subjugation, without possibility of resistance (89).What happened after the incident of the poisoning can only be guessed at, but in this telling of the life of Emily Grierson there is proof, that Emily as able to â€Å"persuade† –â€Å" her† Homer Barron, only that he was not someone hard to persuade, he was already dead, after all, â€Å" The violence of breaking down the door seemed to fill this room with pervading dust.A thin, acrid pall as of the tomb seemed to lie everywhere upon this room decked and furnished as for a bridal: upon the valance curtains of faded rose color, upon the rose-shaded lights, upon the dressing table, upon the delicate array of crystal and the man’s toilet things backed with tarnished silver, silver so tarnished that the monogram was obscured. Among them lay a tie, as if they had just been removed, which, lifted, left upon the surface a pale crescent in the dust.† (30)Most individuals have been reported to be heterosexual. This was not a sick and twisted scenario meant to be feasted on by literary critic s who work with queer gender theory, Emily was not gay, Homer could have been, but, â€Å" Upon a chair hung the suit, carefully folded; beneath it the two mute shoes and the discarded socks. The man himself lay in bed. (30)†Ã‚   –yes, Homer was a man, he was Emily’s man.As with the other paraphilias, necrophilia often occurs in conjunction with other paraphilias. Again, readers can only make intelligent inferences as to how, just exactly, did the things of Homer( made of silver ) get to become so tarnished, if by air corrosion alone? Could it be that at some point or the other, Emily infused them with fluids from her body, through acts that are too â€Å" horrifying† to speak of in this paper, but you get the picture.The individual should be assessed for associated psychopathology and treated accordingly. Treatment for necrophilia would be similar to that prescribed for most paraphilias: cognitive therapy, use of sex-drive reducing medications, assistanc e with improving social and sexual relations, etc. Sadly, Emily could not have been treated, she had chosen to isolation after her crime, â€Å" Now and then, we would see her at a window for a moment, as the men did that night when they sprinkled lime , but for almost six months, she did not appear on the streets. (29) For that time on her front door remained closed, save for a period of six and seven years, when she was about forty, during which she gave lessons in china painting (29).In conclusions then, there really is enough evidence in the text that Emily Grierson [ of William Faulkner ] had managed to make herself the necrophilic lover of Mr. Homer Barron.  And so , the world can only offer, â€Å" a rose† for Emily, for she can no longer answer for her gruesome acts, not that she ever could.WORKS CITED:Cole, Isaac, ed. â€Å" The Life and   Works of Herodotus.†Ã‚  Ã‚   New Land Press: London, 1990.Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† Literatu re: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama Interactive Edition. Eds. Kennedy, X.J and Gioia Dana. United States: Pearson Longman. 2005. 29 – 36.Krafft-Ebing, R. von. â€Å" Psychopathia sexualis.†New York: Stein & Day, 1986, (Original work published in 1886)Rosman, J. & Resnick, P. â€Å"Necrophilia: An analysis of 122 cases involving necrophilic acts and fantasies†. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law,1989.